orientation, surveying, building
Before the beginning of the construction of any building it is necessary to consider some problems connected with the lot where the building must be erected. They are: .1) Soil— soil is a very important problem in the building of any house. The land may have a good depth of rich top soil, but under it may be some soil rock which will make the excavation for abasement very expensive, especially in climates where the footings must be carried down below the frost line..
2. Transportation — this problem is the most important during the period of construction on the building site. It is necessary to provide.
1) The means for bringing up the materials and men for construction work.
2) a sewerage line, water supply line, gas line, the electric power line. Styling of a Building In designing a house which must have a pleasant appearance, we must take into consideration some practical problems, such as:.
1) Height of the first floor above ground;.
2) Ceiling is height. The height of the ceiling (that is clear height from floor to ceiling) must be determined by the designer. Before ceilings were made nine or ten feet high. Now there is a tendency to make the ceiling lower. Footings and Foundations The place where the wall rests on the ground is called a footing. The method of forming footings is to step the foundation wall out of the bottom on both sides until the area of ground covers the bottom of the foundation which is sufficient to support the loaf imposed upon it by the wall. The size of footings depends upon the load imposed on the soil per running foot of the wall by the loads on the floors and upon the weight of the materials of which the floors and walls are composed16 Foundation walls — the first step in constructing the foundation walls is to take the special measures which will help to make a dry basement at all times. When there is some dampness or stand water in the soil surrounding the basement walls, some methods must be used to prevent the foundation from dampness, they are: drain to plaster and concrete mix. The materials mostly used for house building are wood, plaster, brick, stone, and veneer, concrete.
